Less-than-truckload (LTL) shipping 101

No matter how much experience you have planning and booking freight shipments, LTL might bring some processes you’ve never had to navigate before. This is because LTL involves unique details like freight class, and things like transit and handling may work differently than what you’ve seen with other modes.

With a little insight into how the service works and what you can expect, LTL shipping can be a great addition to your transportation plan.

The fundamentals

Start with the basics to understand when and why LTL shipping is a good option.

What is LTL freight?

Less-than-truckload (LTL) freight typically weighs between 150 and 20,000 pounds and isn’t large enough to fill a full semi-trailer. This freight is usually palletized or crated for safer handling.

How does LTL shipping work? 

Because LTL freight doesn’t require a full trailer, LTL carriers move goods across the country by combining multiple shipments into one trailer. Though methods vary, many carriers use strategically placed service centers to pick up local freight and consolidate it with other shipments headed in the same direction. Freight continues to be transported from service center to service center until it reaches a location near its destination city and is sent for delivery.

How are costs determined?

LTL rates are based on the weight and dimensions of your shipment, its origin and destination, the freight classification, and any special services or equipment. Carriers can have varying rates depending on their current capacity and may charge differently for assessorials like liftgates and inside delivery.

How do I know if it’s right for my freight?

Your logistics provider can help you determine the right mode based on the shipment’s characteristics and current market conditions. But LTL is usually the best option for smaller shipments that don’t require exclusive use of the equipment.

If you’ve previously used parcel services, LTL may offer better rates, less damage, more handling options and reduced environmental impact.

Learn more about how LTL compares to parcel.

How to ship LTL

Once you’ve determined your freight is shipping LTL, there are a few steps to take to get it ready.

Know the weight, dimensions and class  

Carriers need to know the exact weight and dimensions of your freight since trailers have a set amount of space and a limit for how much weight they can hold. Correct measurements will reduce the risk for unexpected charges and help ensure your freight moves on schedule.

Providing the proper National Motor Freight Classification (NMFC) is another step. Class is determined by factors like density, value, stowability and handling. Read more about NMFC.

Package it correctly

Because LTL freight gets handled multiple times during transit and is loaded with other types of freight in the equipment, proper packaging is essential for keeping it intact and damage-free. Everything from choosing the proper box, pallet or crate to using the right internal packaging can help keep freight safe. Use these LTL packaging tips to get started.

Get quotes and book a reliable carrier 

Compare rates and services from different LTL providers to find the right fit for your freight. Remember to discuss any special services up-front so there aren’t any unexpected charges and talk through their processes to ensure your freight will be handled safely. The more communication you have during the quoting and booking process, the smoother your experience will be.

Want to quickly compare rates and transit time options? Get an LTL quote with ArcBest.

Optimizing your strategy

Understanding how LTL shipping works is only half the battle. To keep your supply chain efficient and costs under control, you need a strategy that meets both business needs and customer expectations.

Here are some tactics to consider:

  • Use the right pricing. Combine different LTL pricing options, such as long-term agreements and spot market rates, to help manage costs effectively while maintaining flexibility.

  • Leverage technology. Use digital tools for creating and managing bills of lading (BOL), monitoring shipments and analyzing shipping data. This will simplify administrative tasks, reduce errors and speed up communication.

  • Review performance. Track on-time delivery rates, damage rates and customer feedback. Use these insights to refine your carrier selection and packaging practices.

  • Communicate clearly. Share shipment tracking details and proactively communicate any potential delays with solutions. By providing timely updates and options, you can improve customer satisfaction and strengthen relationships.

Looking for an LTL provider? 

With more than 100 years of LTL experience, ArcBest is uniquely equipped to help you find the best option for your shipments. LTL service is available through our industry-leading LTL carrier ABF Freight® and our network of vetted LTL carriers.  

With a full suite of other logistics solutions, we can help ensure your supply chain is operating at peak efficiency — no matter which transportation mode you’re using.